The use of animals in research carries with it responsibilities for efficient, effective design of experimental studies and for humane treatment of the experimental subjects (Klontz and Smith 1968; Snieszko 1974; DeTolla et al. 1995; Klontz 1995). Animals experiencing physiological trauma may exhibit abnormal behavioral or physiological responses that could defeat the purposes of the investigation.
I. Introduction
The Role of Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees

II. General Considerations
Approval of Research Plans by IACUCs
Quality Assurance Plans and Standard Operating Procedures
Statistical Design and Experimental Endpoints
Statistical Design
Mortality as an Experimental Endpoint
Fish Health Management: Control of Pathogens and Parasites

III. Statutory Requirements and Regulatory Bodies
International Regulations and Guidelines
Federal, State, and Local Regulations
Import–Export Permits: Health Certificates

IV. Animal Welfare Considerations: Stress, and "Pain"
General Considerations and Ethical Concerns
Stress
Stages of Stress
Measuring and Avoiding Stress
Nociception and "Pain"

V. Activities with Wild Fishes
Habitat and Population Considerations
Collecting (General)
Representative Samples
Collection of Imperiled Species
Museum Specimens and Other Preserved Specimens
Live Capture Techniques and Equipment
Field Restraint of Fishes: Anesthetics
Dangerous Species and Specimens
Handling and Transport
Physical Facilities for Temporary Holding and Maintenance
Field Acclimation
Collection of Blood and Other Tissues